Classical Purcell factors and spontaneous emission decay rates in a linear gain medium

Recently the photonic golden rule, which predicts that the spontaneous emission rate of an atom depends on the projected local density of states, was shown to fail in an optical medium with a linear gain amplifier. We present a classical light-matter theory to fix this widely used spontaneous emission rate, fully recovering the Rev. Lett. 127, 013602 (2021)]. The corrected classical Purcell factor, for media containing linear amplifiers, is obtained in two different forms, both of which can easily be calculated in any standard classical Maxwell equation solver. We also derive explicit analytical results in terms of quasinormal modes, which are useful for studying practical cavity structures in an efficient way, including the presence of local-field effects for finite-size dipole emitters embedded inside lossy or gain materials (using a real cavity model). Finally, we derive a full classical correspondence from the viewpoint of quantized quasinormal modes in the bad cavity limit. Example numerical calculations are shown for coupled loss-gain microdisk resonators, showing excellent agreement between few-mode expansions and full numerical dipole simulations.