Deficits in mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism seen in sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease derived Astrocytes are ameliorated by increasing hexokinase 1 expression

Background Astrocytes have multiple roles including providing neurons with metabolic substrates and maintaining neurotransmitter synaptic homeostasis. Astrocyte glucose metabolism plays a key role in learning and memory with astrocytic glycogen a key substrate supporting memory encoding. The neuronal support provided by astrocytes has a high metabolic demand. Deficits in astrocytic mitochondrial metabolic functioning and glycolysis could impair neuronal function. Changes to cellular metabolism are seen early in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Understanding cellular metabolism changes in AD astrocytes could be exploited as a new biomarker or synergistic therapeutic agent when combined with anti-amyloid treatments in AD. Methods In this project, we characterised mitochondrial and glycolytic function in astrocytes derived from patients with sporadic (n=6) and familial (PSEN1, n=3) forms of AD. Astrocytes were derived using direct reprogramming methods. Astrocyte metabolic outputs: ATP, and extracellular lactate levels were measured using luminescent and fluorescent protocols. Mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic function were measured using a Seahorse XF Analyzer. Hexokinase deficits identified where corrected by transfecting astrocytes with an adenovirus viral vector containing the hexokinase 1 gene. Results There was a reduction of total cellular ATP of 20% (p=0.05 in sAD astrocytes) and of 48% (p<0.01) in fAD. A 44% reduction (p<0.05), and 80% reduction in mitochondrial spare capacity was seen in sAD and fAD astrocytes respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in both AD astrocyte types (p=0.05). Mitochondrial complex I and II was significantly increased in sAD (p<0.05) but not in fAD. Astrocyte glycolytic reserve and extracellular lactate was significantly reduced when compared to controls in both sAD and fAD (p<0.05). We identified a deficit in the glycolytic pathway enzyme hexokinase, and correcting this deficit restored most of the metabolic phenotype in sAD but not fAD astrocytes. Conclusion AD astrocytes have abnormalities in functional capacity of mitochondria and the process of glycolysis. These functional deficits can be improved by correcting hexokinase expression deficits with adenoviral vectors. This suggests that hexokinase 1 deficiency could potentially be exploited as a new therapeutic target for AD. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. * Aβ : Amyloid beta AD : Alzheimer’s Disease ATP : Adenosine triphosphate AVV : Adenovirus Viral Vector CNS : Central nervous system ECT : Electron transport chain iNPC : Induced Neuronal progenitor cells iPSC : induced Pluripotent stem cells MMP : mitochondrial membrane potential MOI : Multiplicity of Infection MRSC : mitochondrial respiratory spare capacity OxPHOS : Oxidative Phosphorylation OCR : oxygen consumption rate PBS : Phosphate buffer saline PBST : Phosphate buffer saline with tween PFK : Phosphofructokinase PPP : Pentose Phosphate shunt Pathway TMRM : tetramethlyrhodamine