Supplementary material to "Dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Peruvian upwelling system"

Our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of the climate-relevant trace gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the Peruvian upwelling system is still limited. Here we present, oceanic and atmospheric DMS measurements which were made 15 during two shipborne cruises in December 2012 (M91) and October 2015 (SO243) in the Peruvian upwelling region. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were also measured during M91. Relatively low DMS concentrations were measured in surface waters in October 2015 (1.9 ± 0.9 nmol L) and December 2012 (2.5 ± 1.9 nmol L ). Nutrient availability appeared to be the main driver of the observed variability in the surface DMS distributions in the coastal areas. DMS, DMSP and DMSO showed maxima in the surface layer and no elevated concentrations associated with 20 the oxygen minimum zone off Peru were measured. The possible role of DMS, DMSP and DMSO as radical scavengers (stimulated by nitrogen limitation) is supported by their negative correlations with N:P (sum of nitrate and nitrite: dissolved phosphate) ratios. Large variations in atmospheric DMS mole fractions were measured during M91 (144.6 ± 95.0 ppt) and SO243 (91.4 ± 55.8 ppt); however, the atmospheric mole fractions were generally low, and the sea-to-air flux density was primarily driven by seawater DMS. The Peruvian upwelling region was identified as a source of atmospheric DMS in 25 December 2012 and October 2015, however, in comparison to the global monthly Lana climatology (mean: 6.2‒9.8 μmol m d in October/December) (Lana et al., 2011), the Peru upwelling was not a hotspot of DMS emissions at either time (M91: 5.9 ± 5.3 μmol m d; SO243: 3.8 ± 2.7 μmol m d).