Prognostic significance of HS2ST1 expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1 (HS2ST1) catalyzes the sulfation of glucuronic acid residues in heparan sulfate proteoglycans, enabling these proteoglycans to interact with numerous ligands within tumor microenvironments. However, the prognostic role of HS2ST1 expression in cancer remains unclear. This investigated HS2ST1 expression levels and their prognostic significance in various cancer types, demonstrated the prognostic value of HS2ST1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, and identified molecular signatures associated with HS2ST1 expression. HS2ST1 expression and patient survival data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets were analyzed using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) portal. We obtained gene expression and clinicopathological information on HCC patients from the TCGA and the Japan and France International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases and performed survival analyses. We also examined relevant protein networks, differentially expressed genes, gene set enrichments, and tumor immune microenvironment features associated with HS2ST1 expression. HS2ST1 exhibited higher expression in eight tumor types compared with normal tissues and was associated with poor prognoses in five tumors, including HCC. HS2ST1 status correlated with poor prognosis in two ICGC HCC cohorts. Elevated HS2ST1 expression in HCC tumors was associated with signaling pathways involved in cell cycle progression, protein secretion, and mTORC1 signaling. Moreover, HS2ST1 expression levels were inversely correlated with immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. Our study elucidates the prognostic significance of HS2ST1 expression in HCC patients and provides insights into the potential roles of HS2ST1 in signaling pathways and the tumor microenvironment.