Determination of Levodopa Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes in Real Samples

This study presents a novel sensor for the detection of levodopa (LD) utilizing a glassy carbon electrode modified with a TiO2/MWCNT nanocomposite. Structural analysis confirmed the suitability of the nanocomposite for sensor fabrication, revealing enhancements in effective surface area and sensitivity. Characterization studies employing SEM, EDX, and FT-IR analyses provided insights into the composition and morphology of the modified electrode. The sensor exhibited exceptional performance metrics, including a wide linear detection range (19.6–545 µM), low detection limit (2.51 µM), high repeatability (78.1