Comparative landslide susceptibility assessment using information value and frequency ratio bivariate statistical methods: a case study from Northwestern Himalayas, Jammu and Kashmir, India

In the northwestern Himalayas, including Jammu and Kashmir (J K), frequent landslides pose significant risks, necessitating proactive zoning to mitigate potential damage through effective land-use planning. Fourteen causative and two triggering factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, relative relief (RR), terrain ruggedness index (TRI), geomorphon, dissection index (Di), lithology, structural tectonic, drainage density (Dd), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), land use land cover (LULC), road density (Rd), earthquake density (Ed), and rainfall density (Rd), were selected based on terrain conditions to assess landslide susceptibility. Utilizing frequency ratio (FR) and information value (IV) approaches, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) study covered 54,922 km2, incorporating 6669 landslide instances. This dataset was split into 70