Integrated analysis of cyclic steam stimulation in a heavy oil reservoir: Microseismicity, brittleness, and landing height

We compare microseismic observations against pumping information, landing heights, and various well logs. The data were acquired during cyclic -steam injection between September 2002 and December 2005. Ninety-five percent of the microseismicity occurred during injection and in the overburden; 70% of the events happened during the first cycle. Microseismicity in the overburden is likely caused by a greater brittleness than in the reservoir and a cluster of microseismic events in regions with a smaller landing height, thereby facilitating dry cracking due to the volumetric expansion of the reservoir. Yet, other areas with equally shallow landing heights displayed little to no microseismicity, pointing to an inhomogeneous steam front. Furthermore, recorded microseismicity is subject to the Kaiser effect in that event rates are low in subsequent cycles until the current injection pressure exceeds the previous maximum, explaining why 70% of the events occurred during the first cycle and possibly why microseismicity during production accounted for only 5%. Microseismicity in brittle formations can be caused by pore -pressure variations (wet cracking) and/or changes in the total stresses (dry cracking). Identification of pore -pressure variations in the overburden is important because it may indicate containment challenges. Analysis of the growth rate of the microseismic cloud combined with the shallow landing height indicated dry cracking to be more likely than wet cracking but analysis of additional data is required to strengthen this conclusion.