Prediction of cardiac allograft vasculopathy using splenic switch-off on myocardial PET

Background Heart transplantation (HTx) is a definitive therapy for refractory heart failure. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), characterized by diffuse arteriopathy involving the epicardial coronary arteries and microvasculature, is the major cause of death for patients with HTx. 13N-ammonia positron emission tomography (NH3-PET) can offer diagnostic and prognostic utility for CAV. The splenic switch-off (SSO) detected in NH3-PET is a hemodynamic indicator of favorable response to adenosine. We hypothesized that both CAV and SSO reflected a pathology that progresses in parallel with systemic vascular endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, we quantitatively evaluated splenic adenosine reactivity measured using NH3-PET as an index of endothelial function, and examined its predictability for CAV. Methods Forty-eight patients who underwent NH3-PET after HTx were analyzed. The spleen ratio was calculated as the mean standardized uptake value, measured by placing an ROI on the spleen, at stress divided by that at rest. SSO was defined by a cutoff determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the spleen ratio. The endpoint was appearance or progression of CAV. Predictability of SSO was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results The endpoint occurred in 9 patients during a mean follow-up of 45 ± 17 months. ROC curve analysis demonstrated a cutoff of 0.94 for spleen ratio. Patients without SSO displayed a significantly higher CAV rate than those with SSO (p = 0.022). Conclusions SSO reflects the endothelial function of systemic blood vessels and was a predictor of CAV in patients with HTx.