Navigating through the coordination preferences of heavy alkaline earth metals: Laying the foundations for 223 Ra- and 131/135m Ba-based targeted alpha therapy and theranostics of cancer

The clinical success of [ 223 Ra]RaCl 2 (Xofigo (R)) for the palliative treatment of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer has highlighted the therapeutic potential of alpha-particle emission. Expanding the applicability of radium -223 in Targeted Alpha Therapy of non-osseous tumors is followed up with significant interest, as it holds the potential to unveil novel treatment options in the comprehensive management of cancer. Moreover, the use of barium radionuclides, like barium -131 and -135m, is still unfamiliar in nuclear medicine applications, although they can be considered as radium -223 surrogates for imaging purposes. Enabling these applications requires the establishment of chelators able to form stable complexes with radium and barium radionuclides. Until now, only a limited number of ligands have been suggested and these molecules have been primarily inspired by existing structures known for their ability to complex large metal cations. However, a systematic inspection of chelators specifically tailored to Ra 2 + and Ba 2 + has yet to be conducted. This work delves into a comprehensive investigation of a series of small organic ligands, aiming to unveil the coordination preferences of both radium -223 and barium -131/135m. Electronic binding energies of both metal cations to each ligand were theoretically computed via Density Functional Theory calculations (COSMO-ZORAPBE-D3/TZ2P), while thermodynamic stability constants were experimentally determined for Ba 2 + -ligand complexes by potentiometry, NMR and UV - Vis spectroscopies. The outcomes revealed malonate, 2-hydroxypyridine 1 -oxide and picolinate as the most favorable building blocks to design multidentate chelators. These findings serve as foundation guidelines, propelling the development of cutting-edge radium -223- and barium131/135m-based radiopharmaceuticals for Targeted Alpha Therapy and theranostics of cancer.