Heat transfer performance of copper foam/paraffin composite phase change material under different centrifugal forces-A visual experimental study

Copper foam is used to enhance the heat transfer of phase change material (PCM) due to its high thermal conductivity. However, its porous structure can restrict the convection of PCM. The natural convection of PCM embedded in copper foam under external force remains unclear. A visual experimental system was established to investigate the effect of copper foam on the heat transfer process of PCM under external force. The phase interface, temperature distribution, and heat storage rate of composite PCM (CPCM) were conducted under centrifugal forces from -5 g to 5 g. Results indicate that there is a significant difference in the melting rate and temperature distribution of PCM under different forces. Under forward force, the convection of PCM is inhibited, and the isotherm is parallel to the end -state isobars line, increasing the total melting time of CPCM and creating a large temperature gradient near the heat source. Conversely, under the backward force, the melting rate of CPCM is increased due to the enhanced natural convection of liquid PCM. The development of isotherms is influenced by buoyancy, which results in a more uniform temperature distribution of CPCM. However, the enhancement effect of the backward force is limited when it exceeds -3 g. In general, CPCM exhibits more apparent improvement in heat transfer performance under the backward force. This article provides references for the optimization design of thermal management systems.