Time Delay of LF Ground-Wave Propagation with Integral Equation Method

Accurate calculation of ground-wave propagation delay is crucial for enhancing the precision of low-frequency radio navigation/timing systems. The one-dimensional integral equation method is commonly employed in practical engineering due to its ability to account for terrain variations and its numerical simplicity. In this study, the one-dimensional integral equation method is used to investigate the influence of mountains on ground-wave propagation delay. Furthermore, a comparison with the Fock diffraction method was conducted to discuss the calculation range of the one-dimensional integral equation method in a single computation.