Modulation of monocyte activity by hepatocellular MicroRNA delivery through HBsAg particles: Implications for pathobiology of chronic hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:HBsAg serves as an important immune-modulatory factor in chronic hepatitis B. One aspect of such modulation may act through monocytes, which are the major Ag-presenting cells taking up HBsAg. There is evidence for the encapsulation of hepatocellular microRNAs (miRNAs) by HBsAg particles, while its pathobiological significance is unclear. Here, we characterized the miRNA profile in patients with chronic hepatitis B and probed their association with liver inflammation. APPROACHES AND RESULTS:We collected plasma from patients that are treatment-naive with chronic hepatitis B (n = 110) and quantified total/HBsAg-enveloped miRNAs by qRT-PCR and plasma cytokines by ELISA. The biological effects of HBsAg-delivered miRNAs in monocytes were evaluated using multiple approaches. The clinical significance of candidate miRNAs and cytokines was corroborated in patients with HBV-associated advanced liver diseases. The plasma miRNA profile showed 2 major clusters, one significantly associated with HBsAg titer and the other correlated with liver inflammation. Among HBsAg-carried miRNAs, miR-939 displayed the most significant correlation with IL-8. Mechanistically, miR-939 in subviral particles enters monocytes and significantly augments IL-8 production through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 signaling pathway. Finally, the findings that miR-939 positively correlated with IL-8 level and inflammation/fibrosis stage in the cohort of HBV-associated advanced liver diseases support its causative role in the progression of liver diseases. CONCLUSIONS:HBsAg particles carry hepatocellular miRNAs, including miR-939, which enter monocytes and alter their functional status, such as IL-8 secretion. Our findings demonstrate that the HBsAg-miR-939-IL-8 axis may play a crucial role in HBV-induced hepatic necro-inflammation and the progression of advanced liver diseases.