Weighing the Impact: The Influence of Body Mass Index on Facility Costs in Total Joint Arthroplasty

Background Using time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC), a novel cost calculation method that more accurately reflects true resource utilization in healthcare, we sought to compare the total facility costs across different body mass index (BMI) groups following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Methods The study consisted of 13,806 TJAs (7,340 TKAs and 6,466 THAs) performed between 2019 and 2023. The TDABC data from an analytics platform was employed to depict total facility costs, comprising personnel and supply costs. For the analysis, patients were stratified into four BMI categories: < 30, 30 to < 35, 35 to < 40, and ≥ 40. Multivariable regression was used to determine the independent effect of BMI on facility costs. Results When indexed to patients who had BMI < 30, elevated BMI categories (30 to < 35, 35 to <40, and ≥ 40) were associated with higher total personnel costs (TKA 1.03x versus 1.07x versus 1.13x, P < 0.001; THA 1.00x versus 1.08x versus 1.08x, P < 0.001), and total supply costs (TKA 1.01x versus 1.04x versus 1.04x, P < 0.001; THA 1.01x versus 1.02x versus 1.03x, P = 0.007). Total facility costs in TJAs were significantly greater in higher BMI categories (TKA 1.02x versus 1.05x versus 1.08x, P < 0.001; THA 1.01x vs. 1.05x vs. 1.05x, P < 0.001). Notably, when incorporating adjustments for demographics and comorbidities, BMI values of 35, 40, and 45 relative to BMI of 25, exhibit a significant association with a 2, 3, and 5% increase in total facility cost for TKAs and a 3, 5, and 7% increase for THAs. Conclusions Using TDABC methodology, this study found that overall facility costs of TJAs increase with BMI. The present study provides patient-level cost insights, indicating the potential need for reassessment of physician compensation models in this population. Further studies may facilitate the development of risk-adjusted procedural codes and compensation models for public and private payors.