Novel Design of Multi-Layer Cubic Nanoparticles for Achieving Efficient Thin-Film Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted significant attention due to their promising efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In this study, we first demonstrate the comprehensive optoelectrical analysis of the effect of pure silver (Ag) cubic nanoparticles (NPs) on PSCs with various hole transport layer (HTL) thicknesses and then calculate the optical losses of Ag cubic NPs. Additionally, we propose a novel approach utilizing multi-layer cubic NPs to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ultra-thin-film PSCs. The proposed NPs can enhance light absorption and reduce optical losses while providing better stability than pure metallic NPs, which are crucial factors in achieving high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. Thanks to the radiation effects of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), a significant increase in the intensity of far and near fields was shown for the proposed multi-layer cubic NPs, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed NP design. Moreover, PEDOT: PSS performs better than its counterparts in the presence of NPs. In the optimum scenario, the photocurrent exhibits a notable increase of 24.7