Demystifying the Characteristics for Smart Contract Upgrades
arxiv(2024)
摘要
Upgradable smart contracts play an important role in the decentralized
application ecosystem, to support routine maintenance, security patching, and
feature additions. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study on proxy-based
upgradable smart contracts to understand the characteristics of contract
upgrading. Through our study on 57,118 open source proxy contracts, we found
that 583 contracts have ever been upgraded on Ethereum, involving 973 unique
implementation contract versions. The results show that developers often intend
to improve usability of contracts if upgrading, where functionality addition
and update are the most frequent upgrade intentions. We investigated the
practical impacts of contract upgrades, e.g., breaking changes causing
compatibility issues, storage collisions and initialization risks leading to
security vulnerabilities. The results demonstrate that there are 4,334 ABI
breaking changes due to the upgrades of 276 proxies, causing real-world broken
usages within 584 transactions witnessed by the blockchain; 36 contract
upgrades had storage collisions and five proxies with 59 implementation
contracts are vulnerable to initialization attacks.
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