Artificial intelligence in metal forming

Forming processes are known for their intricacies in prediction and control due to the complex loading conditions and material flow. This paper will first introduce the AI algorithms used or having potential to be used in forming, and then investigate the state-of-the-art advances of AI-based technologies in forming processes with four main pillars of process simulation, process design and optimization, in-situ process control, and qualification and certification of forming processes and formed products. Future directions of AI in forming for both academic research and industrial applications will be proposed to leverage digitalization and data science to explore new solutions in forming processes.