A Narrative Review of Interhospital Transfers for Hemorrhagic Stroke

Of the 750,000 strokes in the United States every year, about 15% patients suffer from hemorrhagic stroke (HS). Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke. Despite advances in acute management patients with hemorrhagic stroke continue to suffer from high mortality and while survivors suffer from multi-domain impairments in the physical, cognitive and mental health domains which can last for months to years from their index stroke. Long-term prognosis after HS is critically dependent on the quality and speed of care a patient receives during the acute phase of care. The frequency of IHT for hemorrhagic stroke is increasing. However, the associations between IHT and HS outcomes have not been well described in literature. In this review, we describe the epidemiology of IHT for HS, the relationship between IHT and HS patient outcomes, and proposed improvements to the IHT process to ensure better long-term patient outcomes. Our review indicates that evidence regarding the safety and benefit of IHT for HS patients is conflicting, with some studies reporting poorer outcomes for transferred patients compared to direct admissions via emergency rooms and others showing no effect on outcomes. IHT may, however, may prevent timely institution of clinical interventions such as blood pressure control and anticoagulant reversal. Large, prospective, and multi-center studies comparing outcomes of IHT patients to direct admissions are necessary to provide more definitive guidance to optimize IHT protocols and aid clinical decision-making.