Modulation of metagenomic, biochemical, and histo-morphological features in the termite Odontotermes formosanus through nanoemulsion treatment

A biotechnological technique that involves creating novel pesticides is the nanotechnology of natural compounds, like essential oils. With a lower threat to the environment and public health, these rational approaches provide a more sustainable choice. The present work sought to create novel nanoemulsions of ginger essential oil (G-EO) (Zingiber officinale) and basil essential oil (B-EO) (Ocimum basilicum) to control Odontotermes formosanus (O. formosanus). Stabilization of the ginger nano-emulsion (G-NE) and basil nano-emulsion (B-NE) was assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP), and PH measurement, and the characterization was verified by transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, a chemical investigation utilizing gas chromatography and mass spectrometers revealed the main components of B-NE, B-EO, G-NE, and G-EO. In addition to assessing the essential oil's termiticidal abilities against O. formosanus in bulk and nanoemulsion formulations. When G-NE and G-EO were both at 17.5 mg/mL, the mortality rates were 100% and 42.87%, respectively. B-EO appeared to have a 45.33% death rate, while B-NE displayed a 100% mortality rate at a dose of 0.273 mg/mL. According to the termiticide appraisal, nanoemulsions have a greater effect on suppressing O. formosanus than essential oils. Additional research was conducted on the impact of G-NE and B-NE on the level of total protein, detoxification enzymes (carboxylesterase, acid, alkaline phosphatase, and acetylcholinesterase), and antioxidant enzyme (peroxidase). It was found that there was a significant change in biochemical activities when compared to the control. Additionally, changes in morphology and histology were seen after exposure to G-NE and B-NE. Moreover, when contrasted to the untreated group, the current study's analysis of the fungal community after exposure to B-NE revealed a high degree of diversity. This work stressed the potential of G-NE and B-NE as natural plant-derived termiticides and suggested a novel technique for sustainability and environmental friendliness in controlling O. formosanus.