Enhanced Sensing Efficiency of Ultra-Narrow Band Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Sensor for Biochemical Applications and Environmental Monitoring

This paper presents an ultra-narrow band graphene-based surface plasmon resonance refractive index sensor design optimized for enhanced sensing efficiency in biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring applications. The proposed sensor architecture leverages a unique combination of circular and triangular resonators strategically patterned to maximize field confinement and sensing performance. Through rigorous electromagnetic simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics software, the sensor parameters are systematically optimized, achieving an exceptional sensitivity of 300 GHzRIU−1 and an average detection accuracy (DA) of 6.494 across all frequency bands. The sensor also exhibits excellent performance metrics, including a high figure of merit (FOM) of 1.948 RIU−1 and a quality factor (Q) ranging from 5.305 to 5.461, demonstrating its potential for accurate detection of minute refractive index variations. Additionally, the study investigates the encoding capabilities of the sensor, showcasing its potential for 2-bit data encoding applications. The synergistic combination of advanced materials and metasurface architecture paves the way for the development of highly sensitive and versatile sensing platforms for various biochemical and environmental sensing applications.