Energy strategy alteration, rather than toxicity itself, interferes with the population fluctuation of Brachionus plicatilis exposed to water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of crude oil

Oil spills are reported to have conflicting impacts of either injury or resilience on zooplankton communities, and physiological plasticity is speculated to be the possible causative factor. But how? An explanation was sought by exposing the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis to a series of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of crude oil under controlled laboratory conditions, and population dynamics, which is the core issue for zooplankton facing external stress, were analyzed. The total hydrocarbon concentration of WAFs was quickly degraded from a concentration of 5.0 mg L−1 to half within 24 h and then remained stable. No acute lethality was observed; only motion inhibition was observed in the group treated with 10%, 50% and 100% WAFs, which occurred simultaneously with inhibition of feeding and filtration. However, sublethal exposure to the WAFs concentration series presented stimulation impacts on reproduction and even the population of B. plicatilis. The negative correlation between motion and reproduction seemed to indicate that a shift in the distribution of individual energy toward reproduction rather than motion resulted in increased reproduction after exposure to WAFs. More evidence from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed ultrastructural impairment in both the ovaries and cilia in each treated group, and imbalance in mitochondrial numbers was one of the distinct features of alteration. WAFs stress may alter the energy utilization and storage paradigm, as indicated by the significant elevation in glycogen and the significant decrease in lipid content after WAFs exposure. Further evidence from metabolomics analysis showed that WAFs stress increased the level of lipid metabolism and inhibited some of the pathways in glucose metabolism. Sublethal acute toxicity was observed only in the first 24 h with WAFs exposure, and an energy strategy consisting of changes in the utilization and storage paradigm and reallocation is responsible for the population resilience of B. plicatilis during oil spills.