Electric vehicle charger energy management by considering several sources and equalizing battery charging

This article proposes a novel energy management structure for electric vehicles, consisting of a supercapacitor and two types of batteries, to improve efficiency and navigable distance. The key features of a suitable energy storage system include high power and energy density, low cost and weight, minimal maintenance, and long life. Although batteries are the primary power storage source in electric vehicles, they have power limitations. Therefore, a high-power-density supercapacitor is added to the battery to create a hybrid energy storage system, reducing stress on the battery and increasing its lifespan. The article presents a new structure for hybrid storage systems based on the existence of a main battery, a replaceable battery, a supercapacitor, and a DC-DC converter. An active charge equalizer circuit for the main battery in standby mode and its control system are also introduced. A control method for dividing power between different sources under different conditions is presented, and the design parameters of the energy storage system are optimized using a genetic algorithm to minimize mass and losses. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated through simulation in MATLAB software and tested in a small-scale laboratory sample. The article also provides a detailed analysis of different working modes, including electric motor acceleration, low-speed mode, high-speed mode, and electric regenerative braking mode. Additionally, a control method for energy management between batteries and supercapacitors is introduced, aiming to increase efficiency. The results show that the proposed hybrid energy storage system can effectively improve the efficiency of electric vehicles.