Nano-pesticides and nano-fertilizers from natural (plant/animal) wastes

The extent of nanotechnology has revolutionized almost every aspect of science. Its application in the field of agriculture is a novel idea and may introduce new aspects to modern agricultural practices, if explored. Efforts are underway for exploiting nanotechnology in the synthesis of nano-fertilizers, nano- pesticides, nano-fungicides which may be quantitatively and qualitatively more efficient. An economically more viable and environmentally safe option would be to convert bio-organic wastes into nano- agrochemicals. With environmental awareness and growing importance about bio-wastes, these are now being converted into bio-fuels, biopolymers, bio-fibers etc. Research is underway/in its early stage to convert these bio-wastes into nano-agrochemicals. The chemical composition of these wastes has been studied for the presence of specific compounds or elements that are beneficial for plant growth or disease control and these are specifically being exploited by employing nanotechnology. However, not much has been achieved in this direction so far and several challenges are being faced in the use of these bio-wastes as nano-agrochemicals. The comparison of nano-agrochemicals with the commercial agrochemicals already available is not sufficient. Understanding the precise interaction mechanisms between nano-agrochemicals and plant systems is crucial for future advancements. Also, existing literature lacks information on nano-pesticide effects on beneficial organisms, pollinators, and overall ecosystems. The impact of nano-fertilizers on soil composition also needs an in-depth evaluation.