Progress in MXene synthesis approaches for energy systems: A comprehensive review

MXenes, a group of two-dimensional (2D) materials comprising transition metal nitrides, carbonitrides, and carbides, have garnered considerable attention as versatile platform for energy applications spanning to diversified domains. This comprehensive paper presents an exhaustive examination of MXene synthesis techniques and their applications in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and supercapacitor technologies. The distinctive attributes of MXenes, including their large specific surface area, Tuneable electrical attributes, and abundant surface functionalities sites, render them highly desirable for development in electrocatalytic applications. The detailed exploration of diverse synthesis methodologies, including chemical etching, intercalation, and exfoliation, focuses on their influence on MXene morphology, composition, and electrochemical properties. The review delves into the challenges and future prospects associated with MXene synthesis, emphasizing critical factors like scalability, long-term stability, and integration into practical devices. Additionally, the paper discusses the potential synergies achievable by combining MXenes with other materials to enhance their electrochemical performance. By presenting a comprehensive analysis of MXene synthesis and their applications in HER, NRR, and supercapacitors, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of cutting-edge materials for clean energy generation, sustainable nitrogen fixation, and high-performance energy storage systems.