Top-down and bottom-up interactions rely on nested brain oscillations

Adaptive visual processing is enabled through the dynamic interplay between top-down and bottom-up (feedback/feedforward) information exchange, presumably propagated through brain oscillations. Here we causally tested for the oscillatory mechanisms governing this interaction in the visual system. Using concurrent TMS-EEG, we emulated top-down signals by a single TMS-pulse over the Frontal Eye Field (right-FEF), while manipulating the strength of sensory input through the presentation of moving concentric gratings (compared to a control-TMS site). FEF-TMS without sensory input led to a top-down controlled occipital phase-realignment, alongside higher fronto-occipital phase-connectivity, in the alpha/beta-band. Sensory input in the absence of FEF-TMS increased occipital gamma activity. Crucially, testing the interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes (FEF-TMS during sensory input) revealed an increased nesting of the bottom-up gamma activity in the alpha/beta-band cycles. This establishes a causal link between phase-to-power coupling and top-down modulation of feedforward signals, providing novel mechanistic insights into how attention interacts with sensory input at the neural level, shaping rhythmic sampling. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.