Generating terahertz multiple vortex beams using graphene metasurfaces

This paper investigates the generation of orbital angular momentum vortex beams using a graphene metasurface in the terahertz frequency band. The proposed design consists of 20 × 20 unit-cell elements to operate in 1.2 THz applications. Each element is a graphene ring patch printed on a silicon dioxide substrate backed with a polysilicon ground plane of size 75 × 75 × 25 µm3. The graphene reconfigurable surface conductivity is used to control the beam shape, direction, and directivity radiated from the metasurface, through the application of DC biasing voltages. A parametric study on the effect of graphene chemical potential, relaxation time and temperature on the unit-cell reflection properties is introduced. The reflection magnitude varies from − 2.1 dB to -0.8 dB with a 350-degree phase variation for µc ranging from 0.25 eV to 1.6 eV at τ =5 ps, and T = 300 K. The effect of graphene relaxation time from 0.3 ps to 10 ps on the reflection coefficient at µc = 0.7 eV, and T = 300 K is investigated. The metasurface radiation characteristics are investigated under the illumination of two types of incidence sources, plane-wave, and focused-waves. A depiction of a single vortex beam in various orientations θ = 0, 30o, 50o, and 70o, φ = 90o for l = 1 is presented. The purity of the OAM single beam shows that 94