Stability of Performance Monitoring with Prolonged Task Performance: A Study of Error-Related Negativity and Error Positivity

The use of forced-choice response tasks to study indices of performance monitoring, such as the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe), is common, and such tasks are often used as a part of larger batteries in experimental research. ERN amplitude typically decreases over the course of a single task, but it is unclear whether amplitude changes persist beyond a single task or whether Pe amplitude changes over time. Therefore, the present preregistered study examined how prolonged task performance affects ERN and Pe amplitude across two different study batteries, each comprising three different tasks. We predicted ERN amplitude would show unique, nonlinear reductions over an individual task and over the task battery, and exploratory analyses were conducted on Pe. Electrophysiological data were recorded during two independent studies: 156 participants who completed three versions of the flanker task and 161 participants who completed flanker, Go/NoGo, and Stroop tasks. ERN showed unique nonlinear reductions over each flanker task and over the battery of flanker tasks. However, ERN showed a linear reduction in amplitude over the battery of three different tasks, and within-task changes were only observed during the Go/NoGo task, such that ERN increased. Pe generally linearly decreased with prolonged task performance. Variability in ERN and Pe scores generally increased with time, suggesting that data quality decreased with time. Study findings indicated that the optimal timeframe for studying ERN and Pe is early in a task battery with short tasks to avoid biasing effects from prolonged performance. Identifying factors related to prolonged performance that affect ERN and Pe could lead to the development of optimized paradigms that minimize these influences.