Identification and Functional Characterization of a Surfactant-like Protein Region in Flagellin FliC for Stabilizing Selenium Nanoparticles and Enhancing Bioavailability

Biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are the most favorable Se form for nutritional supplementation due to their high stability, low toxicity, and high activity. However, the interaction between the surface-binding proteins and their stable biogenic SeNPs, as well as their impact on the stability and bioavailability of SeNPs, remains to be understood. In vitro stabilization experiments revealed an amino acid segment (F(235-386)) in Rahnella aquatilis' flagellin FliC, with surfactant-like properties, stabilizing SeNPs under harsh conditions. FliC and F(235-386) were employed as stabilizers to synthesize SeNPs (FliC@SeNPs and F(235-386)@SeNPs), and surface chemistry analysis revealed coordination reactions between the proteins and Se atoms on the surface of SeNPs. Both FliC and F(235-386) enhanced SeNPs uptake in wheat seedlings but reduced it in bacteria and yeast. This study highlights FliC's core function in stabilizing SeNPs and enhancing their bioavailability, paving the way for agricultural and nutritional applications.