Dosimetric Comparison Between Proton and Photon Radiation Therapies for Pediatric Neuroblastoma

Purpose The aim of this study is to determine the most beneficial radiation treatment technique for pediatric patients with thoracic and abdominal neuroblastoma (NBL), through a dosimetric comparison between photon Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and proton Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy treatment plans. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on a multicentre case series of 19 patients with thoracic and/or abdominal NBL who underwent radiation therapy, following the recommendations of the European protocol for high-risk NBL (HR-NBL2/SIOPEN). The prescribed dose was 21.6 Gy in 12 fractions (1.8 Gy/fraction) delivered over the preoperative disease volume. The dose volume histograms were analyzed for each patient, and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test with a significance level of 0.01 was employed to assess statistical differences between the dosimetric parameters investigated. Two homogeneity indices (HI and newHI) were compared to evaluate the uniformity in dose, delivered to the adjacent vertebrae (VBs_Adj). Results Both radiation techniques conform to the protocol regarding CTV/PTV coverage for every location. Proton therapy resulted in statistically significant dose sparing for the heart and lungs in supradiaphragmatic locations and for the contralateral kidney, liver, spleen, and bowel in subdiaphragmatic locations. For both techniques, sparing the non-adjacent vertebrae (VBs_NAdj) results more challenging, although promising results were obtained. Furthermore, the dose delivered to the VBs_Adj was not statistically different, in terms of homogeneity, for the 2 radiation techniques that both met the protocol’s requirements. Conclusion This dosimetric analysis highlights the potential of protons to reduce radiation dose to healthy tissue. These findings apply to all the investigated patients, regardless of primary tumor location, making proton therapy a valuable option for the treatment of neuroblastoma. However, a multidisciplinary assessment of each case is essential to ensure the selection of the most effective and suitable treatment modality.