Expanding the Triangle of U: The genome assembly of Hirschfeldia incana provides insights into chromosomal evolution, phylogenomics and high photosynthesis-related traits

The Brassiceae tribe encompasses many economically important crops and exhibits high intraspecific and interspecific phenotypic variation. After a shared whole-genome triplication (WGT) event ( Br-α , ~15.9 million years ago), different lineages and species underwent differential chromosomal rearrangements (diploidization) leading to diverse patterns of gene retention and loss (fractionation). Lineage diversification and genomic changes contributed to an array of divergence in morphology, biochemistry, and physiology underlying photosynthesis-related traits. The C3 species Hirschfeldia incana is studied as it displays high photosynthetic rates under high-light conditions. We present an improved chromosome-level genome assembly for H. incana (Nijmegen, v2.0) using nanopore and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technologies, with 409Mb in size and an N50 of 52Mb (a 10x improvement over the previously published scaffold-level v1.0 assembly). The updated assembly and annotation allowed to investigate the WGT history of H. incana in a comparative phylogenomic framework from the Brassiceae ancestral genomic blocks and related diploidized crops. Hirschfeldia incana (x=7) shares extensive genome collinearity with Raphanus sativus (x=9). These two species share some commonalities with Brassica rapa and B. oleracea (A genome, x=10 and C genome, x=9, respectively) and other similarities with B. nigra (B genome, x=8). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that H. incana and R. sativus form a monophyletic clade in between the Brassica A/C and B genomes. We postulate that H. incana and R. sativus genomes are results of reciprocal hybridization combinations of the Brassica A/C and B genome types. Our results might explain the discrepancy observed in published studies regarding phylogenetic placement of H. incana and R. sativus in relation to the ″Triangle of U″ species. Expression analysis of WGT retained gene copies revealed sub-genome expression divergence, likely due to neo- or sub-functionalization. Finally, we highlighted genes associated with physio-biochemical-anatomical adaptive changes observed in H. incana which likely facilitate its high-photosynthesis traits under high light. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.