Unravelling The Roles Of Ginkgo Biloba L. For Modification Of Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron In Persulfate System To Remove Antibiotic Resistance Genes By The Tool Of Metabonomic Analysis

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are often detected in secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plants. Nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) modified by Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract (G-nZVI) as an effective catalyst exhibited excellent activation of sodium persulfate (PS), which could achieve higher removal efficiency of ARGs than PS + nZVI system. However, the roles and specific components of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf (Ginkgo biloba L.) for nZVI modification are still not understood. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of nZVI and G-nZVI indicated content of surface Fe2+ of G-nZVI increased by 1.66 times. Under such circumstances, removal efficiencies of genes were further compared by two systems (G + nZVI + PS/G-nZVI + PS). However, the degradation efficiencies of sul1, intI1 and bacterial 16S rRNA gene did not significantly differ. Therefore, the role of Ginkgo biloba L. extract was probably to increase active sites of nZVI by electron transfer, but not to prevent agglomeration of nZVI. Additionally, the findings of electron spin resonance elucidated that PS could be activated by Ginkgo biloba L. extract to produce radicals. Notably, metabolic interactive pathways (iPath) showed that there were accumulated lipids in nZVI, which may arise electron transfer and redox reactions. Additionally, the seven significantly down regulation