Testing and Debugging Quantum Programs: The Road to 2030

Quantum Computing has existed in the theoretical realm for several decades. Recently, given the latest developments in hardware, quantum computing has re-emerged as a promising technology with the potential to solve problems that a classical computer could take hundreds of years to solve. With the rising interest in the field, there are challenges and opportunities for academics and practitioners in terms of software engineering practices, particularly in testing and debugging quantum programs. This paper presents a roadmap for addressing these challenges, pointing out the existing gaps in the literature and suggesting research directions. We present the current state-of-the-art testing and debugging strategies, including classical techniques applied to quantum programs, the development and implementation of quantum-specific assertions, and the identification and classification of bug patterns unique to quantum computing. Additionally, we introduce a conceptual model to illustrate the main concepts regarding the testing and debugging of quantum programs as well as the relationship between them. Those concepts are then used to identify and discuss the main research challenges to cope with quantum programs through 2030, focusing on the interfaces between classical and quantum computing and on creating testing and debugging techniques that take advantage of the unique quantum computing characteristics.