Variation in Root Biomass and Distribution Based on the Topography, Soil Properties, and Tree Influence Index: The Case of Mt. Duryun in Republic of Korea

Root biomass and distribution are influenced by abiotic factors, such as topography and soil physicochemical properties, determining belowground productivity. Hence, we investigated the variation in root biomass and vertical root distribution based on the topography, soil physicochemical properties, and tree influence index, and their relationships, across soil depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm) and topographical gradients in a warm-temperate forest in Mt. Duryun, Republic of Korea. Two contrasting research sites were established: a lower slope oriented at <= 3 degrees and an upper slope with a slope of 30 degrees. Each site comprised eleven 400 m(2) sampling plots from which root samples from various diameter classes (<2 mm, 2-5 mm, 5-10 mm, and >10 mm) were collected. While the bulk density increased with soil depth in the lower slope, the organic matter, available phosphorus, Ca2+, and Mg2+ showed a reversed pattern. Linear mixed-effects models generally revealed significant negative correlations between root biomass and soil pH, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity, particularly in small roots (beta std = -1.03 to -1.51) and coarse roots (beta std = -6.30). Root biomass exhibited a 10-15% increase in the upper slope compared to the lower slope, particularly in fine (median = 52.0 g m(2)-65.64 g m(2)) and medium roots (median = 56.04 g m(2)-69.52 g m(2)) at a 0-20 cm soil depth. While no significant correlation between root biomass and the tree influence index was found on the lower slope, a different pattern was found on the upper slope. Our results indicate that the variation in root biomass and distribution can also be explained by the differences in the soil environment and topographical positions.