Acoustic Positioning for Deep Sea Neutrino Telescopes with a System of Piezo Sensors Integrated into Glass Spheres
arxiv(2024)
摘要
Position calibration in the deep sea is typically done by means of acoustic
multilateration using three or more acoustic emitters installed at known
positions. Rather than using hydrophones as receivers that are exposed to the
ambient pressure, the sound signals can be coupled to piezo ceramics glued to
the inside of existing containers for electronics or measuring instruments of a
deep sea infrastructure. The ANTARES neutrino telescope operated from 2006
until 2022 in the Mediterranean Sea at a depth exceeding 2000m. It comprised
nearly 900 glass spheres with 432mm diameter and 15mm thickness, equipped with
photomultiplier tubes to detect Cherenkov light from tracks of charged
elementary particles. In an experimental setup within ANTARES, piezo sensors
have been glued to the inside of such - otherwise empty - glass spheres. These
sensors recorded signals from acoustic emitters with frequencies from 46545 to
60235Hz. Two waves propagating through the glass sphere are found as a result
of the excitation by the waves in the water. These can be qualitatively
associated with symmetric and asymmetric Lamb-like waves of zeroth order: a
fast (early) one with v_e ≈ 5mm/μs and a slow (late) one with
v_ℓ≈ 2mm/μs. Taking these findings into account improves the
accuracy of the position calibration. The results can be transferred to the
KM3NeT neutrino telescope, currently under construction at multiple sites in
the Mediterranean Sea, for which the concept of piezo sensors glued to the
inside of glass spheres has been adapted for monitoring the positions of the
photomultiplier tubes.
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