Cancer research revolutionized: unveiling the power of organoids and their therapeutic potential in oncology

Organoids are in vitro microstructures similar to the source tissue formed by the self-organizing construction of stem cells from various sources. It is now widely recognized as a powerful in vitro model to facilitate cancer research and personalized precision therapy. Since the successful establishment of the first organoid model in 2009, there has been a global upsurge in organoid research. At present, organoids have been widely used in research on the mechanism of cancer occurrence and development, the study of cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment, the development and screening of new drugs, and the individualized precision treatment of cancer. In addition, the development of organoid chip technology and the establishment of organoid biobanks are expected to further promote the irreplaceable role of organoids in precision medical treatment. In this review, we offer a comprehensive outline of the historical development of organoids and their advantages, focusing on the latest progress and application of organoids in cancer research. We also discuss the problems that need to be solved and the potential applications of organoids. This review summarizes the impact and potential of organoids in cancer research and treatment, and we also provide a comprehensive view of organoid applications in cancer.