Filament formation activates protease and ring nuclease activities of CRISPR SAVED-Lon

To combat phage infection, type III CRISPR-Cas systems utilize cyclic oligoadenylates (cAn) signaling to activate various auxiliary effectors, including the CRISPR-associated SAVED-Lon protease CalpL, which forms a tripartite effector system together with an anti-σ factor, CalpT, and an ECF-like σ factor, CalpS. Here we report the characterization of the Candidatus Cloacimonas acidaminovorans CalpL-CalpT-CalpS. We demonstrate that cA4 binding triggers CalpL filament formation and activates it to cleave CalpT within the CalpT-CalpS dimer. This cleavage exposes the CalpT C-degron, which targets it for further degradation by cellular proteases. Consequently, CalpS is released to bind to RNA polymerase, causing growth arrest in E. coli . Furthermore, the CalpL-CalpT-CalpS system is regulated by the SAVED domain of CalpL, which is a ring nuclease that cleaves cA4 in a sequential three-step mechanism. These findings provide key mechanistic details for the activation, proteolytic events, and regulation of the signaling cascade in the type III CRISPR-Cas immunity. ### Competing Interest Statement G. Tamulaitis is an inventor on patents and patent applications related to Csm and CARF protein applications.