Experimental Study of the Vacuum Arc Motion-Diffuse Transition in Cup-Shaped Transverse Magnetic Field Contacts

The arc in transverse magnetic field (TMF) contacts transitions to diffusion mode before current zero, affecting arc morphology and motion. TMF-generated force competes with local overheating's stagnation effect, impacting contact surface ablation. Cup-shaped TMF contacts exhibit slow, fast, and unstable transitions. Arc voltage declines gently, rapidly, or in repeated steps. Peak current, contact diameter, contact piece structure, and iron core influence transition characteristics. Transition energy increases linearly with peak current. Larger contact diameter and iron cores make transition constant earlier and transition current higher. Compared to circular contacts, annular contacts delay transition constant and widen transition current range. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the ablation cathode surfaces exhibited five morphologies: melting pit, periphery, lamellar, particle, and pore. Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analyses show that the periphery has a higher Cu content than the interior, suggesting less Cu loss during fracture and less droplet splashing. The peripheral Cu content is comparable between the two contacts, 62.94% vs. 62.37%. However, the interior Cu content of contact NO.4 is higher than NO.6 at 60.54% vs. 56.26%. This indicates that the difference in the effect of fast and slow transitions on the cathode surface activity is mainly in the interior region.