Enhancement of simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) and simultaneous nitrification-anammox-denitrification (SNAD) via 3D printed carriers: Insights into critical factors, functional microbes, and potential solutions

Effective nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment is crucial for environmental preservation, and recent research has focused on biofilm reactors, particularly examining the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) and simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox, and denitrification (SNAD) pathways. While these pathways show promise, challenges persist due to complex microbial interactions and process stability concerns. This study underscores the importance of addressing these challenges to maximize the potential of SND and SNAD processes, with a specific focus on the transformative role of 3D printed carriers. These carriers offer customization, tailored microenvironments, increased surface area, and superior biomass retention capabilities, presenting solutions to overcome the limitations of conventional carriers. By applying 3D printed carriers in wastewater treatment processes, the efficiency of nitrogen removal can be enhanced, leading to a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the potential of 3D printed carriers in addressing challenges associated with SND and SNAD, highlighting their significance in the evolving landscape of wastewater treatment.