Rapid assessment of soil accessible Cr(VI) in the field by a portable RGB color sensor

Field rapid determination of soil accessible Cr(VI) is of great significance for on-site assessment and decision-making about the health risks of contaminated sites. When the thickness of solutions with various concentrations of Cr(VI) is constant, there would be a quantitative relationship between the chromogenic difference of Cr(VI) solutions and the concentration of Cr(VI). The chromogenic difference could be described by Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B) values. Based on the chromogenic reaction between 1,5-diphenylcarbazide and Cr(VI), this study first established the calibration curve between the chromogenic difference and the concentration of Cr(VI) in standard solution with or without 0.01 M CaCl2, using an RGB color sensor. This is the subsequent determination basis of the method for rapidly assessing accessible Cr(VI) in the field (M-RGB). Then, the concentration of accessible Cr(VI) of contaminated soil with "hand-shaking + standing" field extraction method was compared with "end-over-end shaking" laboratory extraction method. Finally, the accessible Cr(VI) of contaminated soil extractants was determined via M-RGB integrating the field extraction method. Results indicated there was a highly significant linear relationship between colorimetric difference value (triangle E) and Cr(VI) concentration in the range of 0.1-3 mg/L (R-2 > 0.99, P < 0.01), based on the Euclidean formula for calculating triangle E. The "hand-shaking + standing" field extraction method was effective in obtaining accessible Cr(VI) extractants with or without 0.01 M CaCl2, with the high extraction efficiency within 100 +/- 1%. The concentrations of accessible Cr(VI) in various polluted soils determined by M-RGB were consistent with that determined by the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, with the relative error within +/- 5%, and the relative standard deviation <= 20%. The spiked recovery experiments showed that the recovery of M-RGB was between 95% and 105%, which means M-RGB could realize the trace analysis for accessible Cr(VI) in the field.