Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis by Fusarium proliferatum/annulatum in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia: A case report and review of the literature

Antifungal prophylaxis with a mold-effective agent has led to a substantial decrease in invasive infectionscaused byAspergillusspp. in the management of patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing inductionchemotherapy. However, difficult-to-treat infections caused by other molds, such asFusarium, Lomentospora,and Scedosporiumspecies may still complicate the neutropenic period. Here, we present a case of a 23-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukemia who developed a breakthrough invasive fungal rhinosinusitiscaused byFusarium proliferatum/annulatumon posaconazole prophylaxis. The infection was diagnosed usingclinical, microbiological, and radiological criteria and the isolate was identified using Matrix Assisted LazerDesorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and sequencing. We searchedPubmed with"Fusarium proliferatum","Fusariuannulatum","immunosuppression AND fusariosis","rhino-sinusitis ANDFusarium proliferatum"and summarized the English literature for similar rhinosinusitis casesinfected with the same pathogen. (c) 2024 SFMM. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved