Virtual-Reality training solutions for nuclear power plant field operators: A scoping review

The nuclear power plant (NPP) field operator (FOP) is one agent of a network of activities that ensures safe and efficient plant operation and energy production. One of the key aspects in securing production is continuous and high-quality personnel training. Here, we reviewed existing literature on virtual reality (VR) solutions for FOP training, and how the solutions have been used to develop the skills and expertise of FOPs. Based on the literature, we identified four areas of application for VR-based FOP training: First, incident and accident management training; second, work process planning and training; third, radiation visualization and estimation; and fourth, general physical safety training. Even though the empirical evidence was found to be limited, the studies indicated that VR training has certain benefits as compared to conventional classroom or simulator training. It was also seen that for the VR training to support learning, there are several practical and theoretical challenges that need to be taken into account. The VR training should be aligned with the training goals and the tasks to be learned and eventually performed. The working environment, both the spatial properties and the functionality, should be modelled realistically and with an appropriate level of detail in VR training environment. The formation of accurate mental models and transfer of learning to actual work is supported by on one hand the higher amount and better quality of guidance and support provided in the learning situation, and on the other hand, the degree of active involvement from the participant as opposed to mere passive viewing. Moreover, higher familiarity with the VR training environment, including navigation and control interactions, was seen as both improving the learning outcome but also contributing to the positive learning experience for the trainees. While the VR solutions were mainly evaluated as promising, providing feasible, effective and inspiring training, they are not yet commonly used in FOP training. In the future, as VR technology reaches higher maturity, and the availability of the training contents increases, VR training may become increasingly common in the NPP domain, and in FOP training particularly.