A Hijab-Effect Too? Clients' Reflections on Professionalism and Empathy Toward Hijab-Wearing Public Servants

Religious symbols, such as the hijab, are often deemed undesirable or banned in public employment. We test if clients' perceptions and their performance are influenced by a hijab-wearing public servant, and further test if clients' reflections on empathy or professionalism about the public servant mitigate potential negative effects. We preregistered and conducted a two-step 2 x 3 between-subjects experiment (n = 2,680; representative sample in Austria). We find no evidence that the wearing of a hijab by a public servant negatively influences clients' perceptions, nor their performance during a public service process. The reflection answer with respect to professionalism or empathy, however, is related to clients' performance: Clients' positive reflection on public servants' empathy or professionalism-independent of whether the public servant wears a hijab or not-positively relates to their performance in terms of task correctness. We discuss the relevance of these results regarding religious stereotyping and public employment policies.