Genomic basis of the distinct biosynthesis of -glucogallin, a biochemical marker for hydrolyzable tannin production, in three oak species

NEW PHYTOLOGIST(2024)

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Abstract
Hydrolyzable tannins (HTs), predominant polyphenols in oaks, are widely used in grape wine aging, feed additives, and human healthcare. However, the limited availability of a high-quality reference genome of oaks greatly hampered the recognition of the mechanism of HT biosynthesis. Here, high-quality reference genomes of three Asian oak species (Quercus variabilis, Quercus aliena, and Quercus dentata) that have different HT contents were generated. Multi-omics studies were carried out to identify key genes regulating HT biosynthesis. In vitro enzyme activity assay was also conducted. Dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays were used to reveal the transcriptional regulation. Our results revealed that beta-glucogallin was a biochemical marker for HT production in the cupules of the three Asian oaks. UGT84A13 was confirmed as the key enzyme for beta-glucogallin biosynthesis. The differential expression of UGT84A13, rather than enzyme activity, was the main reason for different beta-glucogallin and HT accumulation. Notably, sequence variations in UGT84A13 promoters led to different trans-activating activities of WRKY32/59, explaining the different expression patterns of UGT84A13 among the three species. Our findings provide three high-quality new reference genomes for oak trees and give new insights into different transcriptional regulation for understanding beta-glucogallin and HT biosynthesis in closely related oak species.
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Key words
hydrolyzable tannin,oak,whole-genome sequencing,beta-glucogallin
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