Responses of soil nutrients and microbial communities to the application of spent mushroom substrates

Spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) are widely used as organic fertilizer due to their high nutrients. However, the contribution of different types and amounts of SMSs to soil nutrients and microbial communities has been underreported. This study aims to provide data support for the selection and suitable application of SMSs, and to inform sustainable agricultural development. The present study conducted a two-year field observation to investigate the effects of substituting 25