CC bond cleavage in the electrooxidation of 2,3-butanediol controlled by an ionic liquid modifier

In heterogeneous catalysis, ionic liquids (ILs) are used as chemical modifiers to control selectivity. In our work, we aim to apply the same concept to electrocatalytic systems. As a model reaction, we studied the electrooxidation of 2,3-butanediol on the low-index Pt(111), Pt(100) and Pt(110) surfaces in an acidic environment. We used the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([C2C1Im][OTf]) dissolved in an aqueous electrolyte as a catalyst modifier. The reaction mechanisms were investigated by electrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (EC-IRRAS). The oxidation of 2,3-butanediol is highly structure dependent. On all three surfaces, the two products formed are acetoin and diacetyl, i.e. either one or two alcohol functionalities are oxidized. However, we observe distinct features on the different surfaces with respect to activity, potential window of oxidation, and selectivity. Only the Pt(100) surface is active towards CC bond cleavage. The latter reaction leads to the formation of COads and poisoning of the catalyst. Modification of this surface by addition of the IL leads to an increase of the selectivity for acetoin from 51 % to 78 % (at 1.1 VRHE). In addition, CC bond cleavage is suppressed, no CO is formed, and the surface remains active for the target reaction. We attribute these effects to the reversible and structure dependent adsorption of the [OTf]− anions on the Pt surfaces and additional interionic interactions. Our results demonstrate the potential of ILs to control selectivity in electrocatalytic reactions.