Experimental study on hydrogen-enriched natural gas jet fire hazards: Assessment of the flame geometrical parameters

In the future, hydrogen will be more frequently injected into natural gas networks for storage and transportation purposes. A diffusion jet flame forms when gaseous fuel leakage occurs during the transportation or utilization of hydrogen -enriched natural gas, and the fuel is ignited by an ignition source in still air. In the study, methane was chosen to simulate natural gas. Experiments with the hydrogen addition fraction reaching up to 20% were performed to study the effects of the initial flame angle ( theta = 90(degrees) , 60(degrees) , 30(degrees) , 0(degrees) , and - 30 degrees ), variable nozzle diameter ( d e = 3.15, 4, 4.94, 5.65, and 6 mm) and a multitude of fuel flow rates (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 L/ min) on the morphological parameters of the gas jet flames. The geometrical features of the jet flame were determined via video processing for each experiment. The geometrical parameters of hydrogen -enriched natural gas were quantified under different conditions. The experimental results indicate that a dimensionless prediction model was established for the flame height of hydrogen -enriched natural gas by modifying the flame Froude number ( Fr f ) for vertical jet flames. For upward jet flames, the normalized flame horizontal projection length ( L x ) of hydrogen -enriched natural gas is well correlated with Q *. A global prediction model for inclination angles of 0 degrees < theta < 60(degrees) and 2000 < Q * <20,000 was proposed based on the experimental data. For downward jet flames, the normalized horizontal projection length and downward extension length ( L d ) of the hydrogen -enriched natural gas jet flame are correlated with Q *, with powers of 2/5 and 3/5, respectively. Dimensionless prediction models for the horizontal projection length and downward extension length are given by modifying the flame Froude number. Quantitative results were proposed in order to gain insight into the development of the key parameters and the effects on the environment, from which extinguishing concepts and safety areas can be directly derived.