Heavy metals in surface sediments of lake patria wetland, southern Italy, and environmental risk

The study investigated the presence of heavy metals in the surface sediments of one of the most important wetlands in south Italy, Lake Patria, and the related environmental risk. Surface sediments were analyzed for particle size and shape, total organic carbon and As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn levels. Mean total organic carbon was high, 3.1 %, with a peak of 5.9 % near the input of freshwater channel whereas sediments appeared to be mainly composed of sand and/or gravel and significantly polluted by metals especially Cr, Cu and Zn. Data from heavy metals spatial distribution, Pearson correlation, principal component analysis and geochemical indices suggested dominant anthropogenic source for most metals. Mean Igeo values of Cr, Cu and Ni were in the range of 4.6–7.3 of strongly polluted class while their relative mean enrichment factors were largely exceeding the threshold of the anthropic pollution, 1.5. A very high pollution situation was also outlined when considering the Cf indices, with Cr, Cu and Ni possessing mean values from an order of magnitude of ten to hundred times higher the very high polluted class, 6 ≤ Cf. On the overall, the integrated indices of modified contamination degree, pollution load and ecological risk revealed a serious pollution scenario. The mean comprehensive ecological hazard index was fivefold the most critical limit, ≥600, in almost all the lagoon and especially in the locations close to channel.