Copper nanoparticles as a potential emerging pollutant: divergent effects in the agriculture, risk-benefit balance and integrated strategies for its use

At the forefront of agricultural innovation, copper-based nanoparticles (Cu-based NPs) have seized global attention in recent years, revolutionizing fields as diverse as electronics, medicine, and, notably, agriculture. Their prowess in combating phytopathogenic microorganisms, boosting plant yield and defenses, and their dual role as pesticides or fertilizers - depending on the dosage - positions them at the epicenter of exciting scientific advancements. However, this is a two-edged sword: the environmental impact of Cu-based NPs is an escalating concern. The release of these particles post-use raises serious questions about the accumulation of toxic copper levels in soil and, consequently, in crops. In a market with rising metal nanoparticles, a deeper exploration is essential to balance the benefits and risks associated with Cu-based NPs in agriculture. This review synthesizes the state-of-the-art Cu-based NP synthesis, their application as antimicrobial agents, pesticides, and fertilizers, and their interactions with soil, highlighting its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we delve into future perspectives, spotlighting the research gaps in Cu-based NP studies that beckon for attention in the coming years.