Graphene and its derivatives fabrication from paddy straw for improved and sustainable application in biofuels production: New Insight

One of the most sustainable processes for producing green fuels for industrial use is biomass to biofuels production. However, the high production cost of enzymes, the low functional stability of microbes and enzymes with low sugar, and fuel production are key challenges. Nanocatalyst implementation can be a potential strategy to resolve the technical hurdles of biomass-based biofuel production. Due to its distinct physicochemical features, graphene and its derivatives have recently attracted a lot of interest in microbial interaction and microbial based biomass to biofuels production technologies. The diverse physicochemical properties of graphene have created new prospects for biomass to biofuels manufacturing technology to become more cost-effective at the pilot stage. However, sustainable fabrication methods and scale-up process optimization are still not well explored for mass application trials. Therefore, the present review is based on developing a sustainable approach towards the green synthesis of graphene and its derivatives from paddy straw waste. Furthermore, potential opportunities for low-cost synthesis approaches of graphene and its derivatives from paddy straw and their sustainable application in economical biomass to biofuel production processes using paddy straw as a substrate itself, as well as current challenges and feasible future applications, have been discussed.