Mineralogical and geochemical studies on the Qianjiadian deposit, Songliao Basin, NE China: Insights into multiple metallogenic processes in the sandstone-type uranium deposit

Sandstone-type uranium deposits usually exhibit a range of metallogenic mechanisms. To gain insights into the nature, genetic relationships, and mineralization mechanisms of uranium and associated minerals, representative samples from the Qianjiadian uranium deposit in the Songliao Basin were investigated through detailed mineralogical, elemental geochemical, and in-situ sulfur isotopic analyses. The results provided invaluable information on the various stages of uranium mineralization. During the early diagenetic stage, uranium mineralization occurred in the local organic matter (OM)-enriched sites (TOC = 0.70 ∼ 2.05 %) in the Yaojia Formation. The paragenetic relationship revealed that uranium was firstly precipitated as pitchblende along with the biogenetic framboidal pyrite (δ34S values ranging from −44.1 ‰ to −1.8 ‰) through bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) process. Simultaneously, organic acids generated through biodegradation of OM caused an acidic fluid condition and subsequent dissolution of feldspars, resulting in the production of kaolinite intergrowth with pitchblende. During the late diagenetic stage, the ore-forming fluid turned alkaline, leading to the conversion of pitchblende into coffinite, with elevated elements such as Si, P, Ca, Zr, and Y in the altered phase. In addition to the contribution of OM and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), pyrite was confirmed as a reducing agent for its replacement by uranium minerals and the Fe-oxide produced along the boundaries. The diagenetic uranium enrichment is mainly hosted in the gray sandstone that experienced reduced alteration of deep hydrocarbons, resulting in pervasive kaolinization and promotion of reduction potential. A significant amount of uranium was fixed by adsorption, as evidenced by the rare observation of independent uranium minerals, but the higher whole-rock U content (U = 133.5 ∼ 394.0 ppm) and the detection of U signal in micro-XRF analysis and EPMA data (U content in representative kaolinite ranges from bld to 0.74 wt%). Overall, the formation of sandstone-type uranium deposits is a long-term and multi-stage process. The early enriched uranium during synsedimentary-diagenetic stages is non-negligible and can even result in an appreciable amount of mineralization, further serving as an important source for the subsequent secondary enrichment.