Mechanistic approach of tannery wastewater and sulfadiazine mutual toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and mitigation through exogenous application of gallic acid.

Excessive release of chromium (Cr) from the tanning industry and antibiotics from livestock caused severe hazards to humans. Gallic acid (GA 10mM) alleviated alone/combined SDZ 30 mg kg-1 and TWW 40, 60, and 100% stress in wheat. GA (10 mM) decreased the TSP 12 and 13%, TFAA 8 and 10%, TSS 14 and 16%, RS 18 and 16%, and NRS 11 and 9% in shoots and grains under SDZ+TWW (30 mg kg-1+100%), compared without foliar. GA (10 mM) declined the MDA 20 and 31, EL 13 and 36%, H2O2 17 and 15%, O2•- 10 and 11% in leaves and roots, under combined SDZ+TWW (30 mg kg-1+100%), compared without foliar. GA (10 mM) improved the POD 106 and 30%, SOD 145 and 31%, CAT 78, and 35%, APX 100 and 25% in leaves and roots under combined SDZ+TWW (30 mg kg-1+100%), compared without foliar application. Considerably GA (10 mM) reduced total Cr 18, CrIII 20, and CrVI 50% in roots and shoots 19, 41, and 48%, and grains 15, 27, and 29% respectively, under combined SDZ+TWW (30 mg kg-1+100%) stress, compared without foliar. Overall, GA boosted the wheat growth, physiology, and defence system by inhibiting the combined SDZ+Cr toxicity.